非谓语动词作状语考点
在高中阶段非谓语动词既是同学们的学习重点，也是学习难点；同时又是历年高考中必考语法项目。而非谓语动词作状语又是考查的重中之重。
一、考查非谓语动词作状语时的时态与语态
1.不定式作状语时的时态与语态。如果表示未来的动作，就用不定式的一般式,若与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，就用to do；构成被动关系 就用to be done。如果与谓语动词所表示的动作（几乎）同时进行，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用不定式的进行式既to be doing（常作原因状语）。如果不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用完成式，当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，用主动式，即to have done(常作原因状语)；构成被动关系，用被动式，即to have been done (常作原因状语)。
[高考链接]
①I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __ in a year. （05湖南）
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
②I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. (08年北京)
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
③You were silly not ____ your car. (04湖南)
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
【解析】①C。句意为“今天我先给你寄100美元，其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。”由in a year可知，follow动作是未来之动作，故用不定式。②C。形容词honored后常用不定式作状语，welcome与句子的主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用to be welcomed③B。形容词silly后也常用不定式作状语，又因were silly是lock动作造成的影响，所以不定式用完成时。
2. 分词作状语时的时态与语态。如果现在分词所表达的动作与谓语动词所表达的动作同时或几乎同时发生，用其一般式，当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，用主动式，即doing;构成被动关系，用被动式，即being done(较少用，being常省略)。分词的动作若先于谓语动词的动作发生，当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语构成主动关系，用主动式，即having done;构成被动关系，用被动式，即having been done或done，一般来讲，两者可以互换，但如果侧重于时间先后，常用having been done。若是不及物动词，一般用主动形式。需要注意：（1）已经形容词化的分词，如果译为“感到……”，常用过去分词, 分词的逻辑主语一般是人，表达句子主语“人”的情绪反应；如果译为“令人感到……”，常用现在分词，分词的逻辑主语一般是物，该形式更多的表达事物的性质特征。（2）另一类表示状态只能用过去分词的结构是及物动词的过去分词+介词。例如interested in ，pleased with ，satisfied with ，crowded with， surprised at ，devoted to，lost in ，tired of ，equipped with，filled with ，dressed in ,worried about,caught in,faced with,fed up with， used to ,accustumed to, seated (in/on)等。
[高考链接]
①The lady walked around the shops, _______ an eye out for bargains. （10江西）
A . keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
②____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （05湖北）
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
③ __ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. （09福建）
A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded
④ _____ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （05湖南）
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
【解析】①C。句子主语lady和keep 之间是主动关系, 而且walk和keep 同时发生。②C。这里的时间状语for millions of years说明此时的现在分词要用完成态，同时separate与其逻辑主语Australia构成被动关系，故用Having been separated 。③B。非谓语动词做原因状语,remind与其逻辑主语the manager构成被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，故用过去分词reminded。④A。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：If he is dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor。根据主、从句主语一致可同时省略从句主语和be动词及连词的原则，，故用Dressed。
二、考查非谓语动词的否定形式
否定词not或never应紧挨着放在不定式符号“to”或分词之前，若该非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，否定词应置于该主语之后。
[高考链接]
①______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. (04广东)
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
【解析】①C。非谓语动词做状语，complete与其逻辑主语they构成主动关系，并且该动作发生在句子的谓语动词stay之前，故用现在分词的完成式，同时否定词not应紧挨着放在现在分词之前，故用not having completed。
三、考查现在分词的逻辑主语
一般来说，非谓语动词的逻辑主语是主句的主语。如果非谓语动词的逻辑主语不是主句的主语时，应在其前加上自己的逻辑主语，不定式要在其逻辑主语前加for。
[高考链接]
①In order to make our city green,______ . (02上海春招)
A. it in necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
②The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent_______ at the end of last March. （07山东）
A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched
【解析】①D。不定式中make的逻辑主语应是后面主句的主语，只有we才可以。②B。根据中间是逗号，逗号后的应是逻辑主语+非谓语动词，又因该非谓语动词的动作是已经完成的被动的动作，故非谓语动词用having been launched。
四、考查非谓语动词作状语时的句法功能
1.当非谓语动词作目的状语时，常用不定式的一般式，它的加强式为in order to或so as to。但so as to引导目的状语，不能置于句首。从结构上讲，不定式作目的状语放于句首时，通常用逗号和句子隔开；如果放于句末，通常不用逗号。
[高考链接]
①With Father’s Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bank ______ presents for my dad. (10全国I)
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought
②In order to improve English, ______. (01上海春招)
A. Jenny's father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself
C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny's father
【解析】①B。句意为“父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。”空格后的部分不是对前面名词bank解释说明，而是说明取钱的目的，因此用不定式做目的状语。②B。不定式中improve的逻辑主语应是后面主句的主语，improve English只能是Jenny。
2.作让步、时间、伴随（方式）或条件状语时，常用分词。表伴随（方式）或条件状语的现在分词常用一般式。
[高考链接]
①Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. （10湖南）
A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle
② the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height. (10上海)
A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached
③_____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees . (10陕西）
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see
④Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake. （10福建）
A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent
【解析】①C。分词短语作让步状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系，又由句中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式。②A。分词短语作时间状语，当主句谓语动词saw发生时，Approach的动作正在进行；并且Approach与其逻辑主语we构成主动关系，故用Approaching。③A。分词短语作条件状语。非谓语动词动词see与其逻辑主语the south foot of the mountain构成被动关系,故用过去分词Seen。①A。非谓语动词send与 主句的谓语动词were working同时发生，并且与逻辑主语workers构成主动关系，故用sending作伴随状语。
3. 不定式和分词都可充当原因状语。分词充当原因状语时，常位于主句之前，有时也可位于主句之后。在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等表示情感的形容词之后常用不定式，表示引起某种情绪变化的原因。
[高考链接]
①He had a wonderful childhood, _____with his mother to all corners of the world. （10安徽）
A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling
②We were astonished _______ the temple still in its original condition. （10辽宁）
A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found
③____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.（09北京）
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
【解析】①D。逻辑主语He与动词travel之间存在主动关系，并且travel动词和主句的谓语动词同时发生，故用traveling作原因状语。②B。astonished 后用动词不定式原因状语。③B。bite与其逻辑主语the postman构成被动关系，并且该动作已发生。故用过去分词bitten充当原因状语。
4.不定式和分词都可充当结果状语，常出现在句子的末尾。不定式作结果状语表示预料之外的不愉快的结果，其前常用only，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。too...to..., ...enough to..., so...as to..., such...as to...结构中的不定式也可以表示结果。伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语。
[高考链接]
①It rained heavily in the south， serious flooding in several provinces.（10天津）
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
②He hurried to the booking office only_____ that all the tickets had been sold out. (06陕西)
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
【解析】①C。句意为“南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。”空格后serious flooding是由于rained heavily而产生的自然结果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用causing作结果状语。②B。句意为“他匆匆地来到售票处，却被告知票已售完。”结果在逻辑主语He的预料之外，并且逻辑主语He是被告知的，故用to be told
五、考查“with+宾语(名词或代词)+不定式/分词”或 独立主格结构“名词/代词+不定式/分词”结构中结构的非谓语动词
该结构可以在句中作状语，表示伴随或时间、原因等。不定式表示动作未发生；现在分词表示动作正在发生；过去分词表示动作已经发生或被动。with复合结构中不定式或分词的主被动形式重点看与with复合结构中宾语的关系（有时根据主句的主语进行判断）。独立主格结构的主被动形式重点看与非谓语动词前的名词/代词的关系。
[高考链接]
①Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ? (09海南)
A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take
②—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work ____ my mind, I almost break down. (07福建)
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
③With a lot of difficult problems ＿＿ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (02上海春招)
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
④The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day. (07重庆)
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
【解析】①C。take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是被动关系，且动作已经发生，故用过去分词表示被动。with结构充当原因状语。②B。根据I almost break down可知，此时fill应表正在发生的动作，同时与work构成主动关系，故用filling 。该结构充当原因状语。③C。由主句可知，settle的动作还未发生，故用不定式形式。该结构充当原因状语。④B。该独立主格结构充当原因状语，finish动作发生在went之前，同时又与其逻辑主语lessons构成被动关系，故用finished。
六、考查一些固定非谓语动词结构
该类结构已经当成的插入语，用于在句子中引出话题或表达说话者看法或态度等，常见的有： 副词+speaking(……地来说)，judging from/by (根据……判断)，coming to/talking/speaking of (谈到……)，according to(依据……)，owing to (由于……)，seeing that (鉴于……)，considering/taking…into consideration（把……考虑进去）,including(包括……)，providing (that)(假定……)，supposing (that)…(假定……)，leaving …on one side(抛开……不谈), concerning/regarding/respecting/touching (关于)，,taking all things into consideration 全盘考虑, given(鉴于、如果)， all told(总之)，compared with/to (与……相比)，to tell you the truth（说实在的）, to be honest（老实说）, to begine with(首先)，to make a long story short(长话短说),to be brief(简言之),to be exact(精确地说)， to make matters worse（更糟的是）to conclude/to sum up（总之）等。
[高考链接]
①________the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.（00 北京春招）
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
【解析】①A。 Given在此意为“鉴于、考虑到”。这种评说性的独立成分作状语，其逻辑主语不要求和句子的主语保持一致。句意为“考虑到他的健康状况，他手术后还需要一段时间才能恢复过来。”
七、考查状语从句省略时的非谓语动词的选择
在以when, while, if, as if, though (although), as, whether, once, whenever，before, after,等连词引导的状语从句中，若从句的主语是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be动词时，常省略从句的主语和be，引导词后直接跟不定式、分词。测试中常见的结构有：连词(when , while , though，before, after 等)+ 现在分词；连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than等) + 过去分词；连词(as if ,as though 等) + 不定式。
[高考链接]
①When _______ help, one often says "Thank you." or "It's kind of you." （05福建）
A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
②When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (06浙江)
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
【解析】①D。②C。两题但是考查状语从句的省略, 主从句主语一致，从句中的主语可以省略，可以保留连词。试题①的选项动词offer与逻辑主语one是被动关系。试题②的选项动词compare与逻辑主语we是主动关系。
八、考查用谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别
1.考查句首动词。如果结构是“句子+连词（分号或破折号等）+句子”，置于句首动词应是动词原形，是祈使句，最常见的连词有and，or，otherwise，in case 等，连词前可以有逗号，也可以没有。若前后两句之间无连词（分号或破折号等），前后只用逗号分开，要用分词充当状语。
[高考链接]
①____ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. (03北京)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
② the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. （08湖南）
